Postgresql что это за программа и нужна ли она?

Это СУБД — система управления базами данных, основанная на реляционной (читай табличной) модели данных. То есть это программа, в которой вы хранится какая-то информация.

Они хранятся в виде табличек, доступны множество операций: создание баз данных (групп табличек), самих таблиц, записей в этих табличках. Доступны также расширенные функции поиска по этим самым записям и многое другое. Если коротко, содержимое данной программы можно представить в виде excel-документа, который включает в себя множество листов. Каждый excel документ — база данных. Каждый лист — таблица в этой базе данных. Каждая строка в такой табличке — данные.

Самое важное, что в таких базах структура (столбцы в табличке) должны быть обязательно закреплены — это называется схема. Поменять их можно но нужно убедиться, что данные, которые она содержит не пострадают.

Схемы баз данных определяются разработчиками, которые пишут программу. То есть, в принципе, ими можно решить очень многие задачи.

Главный плюс Postgres — скорость и оптимизация для работы с большими массивами информации + удобство масштабирования на группы серверов (компьютеров).

Postgresql для чего нужна эта программа

PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system ( ORDBMS ) based on POSTGRES, Version 4.2 , developed at the University of California at Berkeley Computer Science Department. POSTGRES pioneered many concepts that only became available in some commercial database systems much later.

PostgreSQL is an open-source descendant of this original Berkeley code. It supports a large part of the SQL standard and offers many modern features:

• complex queries
• foreign keys
• triggers
• updatable views
• transactional integrity
• multiversion concurrency control

Also, PostgreSQL can be extended by the user in many ways, for example by adding new

• data types
• functions
• operators
• aggregate functions
• index methods
• procedural languages

And because of the liberal license, PostgreSQL can be used, modified, and distributed by anyone free of charge for any purpose, be it private, commercial, or academic.

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Preface	Home	2. A Brief History of PostgreSQL

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About

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system that uses and extends the SQL language combined with many features that safely store and scale the most complicated data workloads. The origins of PostgreSQL date back to 1986 as part of the POSTGRES project at the University of California at Berkeley and has more than 35 years of active development on the core platform.

PostgreSQL has earned a strong reputation for its proven architecture, reliability, data integrity, robust feature set, extensibility, and the dedication of the open source community behind the software to consistently deliver performant and innovative solutions. PostgreSQL runs on all major operating systems, has been ACID-compliant since 2001, and has powerful add-ons such as the popular PostGIS geospatial database extender. It is no surprise that PostgreSQL has become the open source relational database of choice for many people and organisations.

Getting started with using PostgreSQL has never been easier — pick a project you want to build, and let PostgreSQL safely and robustly store your data.

Why use PostgreSQL?

PostgreSQL comes with many features aimed to help developers build applications, administrators to protect data integrity and build fault-tolerant environments, and help you manage your data no matter how big or small the dataset. In addition to being free and open source, PostgreSQL is highly extensible. For example, you can define your own data types, build out custom functions, even write code from different programming languages without recompiling your database!

PostgreSQL tries to conform with the SQL standard where such conformance does not contradict traditional features or could lead to poor architectural decisions. Many of the features required by the SQL standard are supported, though sometimes with slightly differing syntax or function. Further moves towards conformance can be expected over time. As of the version 16 release in September 2023, PostgreSQL conforms to at least 170 of the 179 mandatory features for SQL:2023 Core conformance. As of this writing, no relational database meets full conformance with this standard.

Below is an inexhaustive list of various features found in PostgreSQL, with more being added in every major release:

• Data Types
  • Primitives: Integer, Numeric, String, Boolean
  • Structured: Date/Time, Array, Range / Multirange, UUID
  • Document: JSON/JSONB, XML, Key-value (Hstore)
  • Geometry: Point, Line, Circle, Polygon
  • Customizations: Composite, Custom Types
  • UNIQUE, NOT NULL
  • Primary Keys
  • Foreign Keys
  • Exclusion Constraints
  • Explicit Locks, Advisory Locks
  • Indexing: B-tree, Multicolumn, Expressions, Partial
  • Advanced Indexing: GiST, SP-Gist, KNN Gist, GIN, BRIN, Covering indexes, Bloom filters
  • Sophisticated query planner / optimizer, index-only scans, multicolumn statistics
  • Transactions, Nested Transactions (via savepoints)
  • Multi-Version concurrency Control (MVCC)
  • Parallelization of read queries and building B-tree indexes
  • Table partitioning
  • All transaction isolation levels defined in the SQL standard, including Serializable
  • Just-in-time (JIT) compilation of expressions
  • Write-ahead Logging (WAL)
  • Replication: Asynchronous, Synchronous, Logical
  • Point-in-time-recovery (PITR), active standbys
  • Tablespaces
  • Authentication: GSSAPI, SSPI, LDAP, SCRAM-SHA-256, Certificate, and more
  • Robust access-control system
  • Column and row-level security
  • Multi-factor authentication with certificates and an additional method
  • Stored functions and procedures
  • Procedural Languages: PL/pgSQL, Perl, Python, and Tcl. There are other languages available through extensions, e.g. Java, JavaScript (V8), R, Lua, and Rust
  • SQL/JSON constructors and path expressions
  • Foreign data wrappers: connect to other databases or streams with a standard SQL interface
  • Customizable storage interface for tables
  • Many extensions that provide additional functionality, including PostGIS
  • Support for international character sets, e.g. through ICU collations
  • Case-insensitive and accent-insensitive collations
  • Full-text search

  There are many more features that you can discover in the PostgreSQL documentation. Additionally, PostgreSQL is highly extensible: many features, such as indexes, have defined APIs so that you can build out with PostgreSQL to solve your challenges.

  PostgreSQL has been proven to be highly scalable both in the sheer quantity of data it can manage and in the number of concurrent users it can accommodate. There are active PostgreSQL clusters in production environments that manage many terabytes of data, and specialized systems that manage petabytes.

  Any questions?

  The first place to go to for any questions on PostgreSQL is its world-renowned documentation which discusses how to use PostgreSQL in-depth.

  We also have many mailing lists where you can connect and participate in the community. There are also many events and local user groups where you can connect with other PostgreSQL users.

  Our users us

  Overall, PostgreSQL has been faster than the commercial product from which we converted.

  «By default, PostgreSQL is probably the most security-aware database available . «

  Database Hacker’s Handbook,

  We’ve been using PostgreSQL for the Gandi IAAS/PAAS platform and recently internally, to build one of our live systems that stores/computes/outputs millions rows daily, very easily.

  Under loads heavy and light, with virtually no administration overhead, PostgreSQL chugs along and «just works».

  “We are very strong supporters of technical innovation and creativity, virtues embraced by the PostgreSQL community and open source developers in general. We also like to keep abreast of bleeding-edge technological advancements, and believe that PostgreSQL is the frontrunner in the open source database marketplace.”

  Neil Whitney, Vice President, Development, Varicent

  При подготовке материала использовались источники:
  https://yandex.ru/q/question/postgresql_chto_eto_za_programma_i_nuzhna_569e647d/
  https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/intro-whatis.html
  https://www.postgresql.org/about/